ASSIGNMENTS

Coding in different computer language codes such as C, Python etc. These are basic coding which are use the basics of coding.

Introduction to coding : Coding is basically a language which the user inputs in a way that the computer understands the intentions of the user. There the countless numbers of coding methods. There are common coding languages such as C, C++ and python while there are also much lesser known languages. The most common languages are used to program different softwares and other utilities in a computer.

Coding can be done easily using an online coding software called 'onlinegdb' which is a platform to perform multiple coding languages. The compiler is also available on the site itself. Links can be found below by clicking on the icon.

Coding in C and Python : Coding done in C and Python can be found below with the codes in the text box and the output along it.

Program and Output in C:

#include <stdio.h> int main() { int num1,num2,sum; printf ("Enter the first number: "); scanf("%d",&num1); printf ("Enter the first number: "); scanf("%d",&num2); sum=num1+num2; printf ("\nThe sum of two number is : %d",sum); }  

Program and Output in Python:

a = int(input("Enter first number: ")) b = int(input("Enter second number: ")) sum = a + b print("The sum of the two numbers is :", sum)  

Program and Output in C:

#include <stdio.h> int main() { int n; printf("Enter an number: "); scanf("%d", &n); if(n % 2 == 0) printf("The number %d is even.", n); else printf("The number %d is odd.", n); return 0; }  

Program and Output in Python:

number = int(input("Enter a number: ")) if (number % 2) == 0: print("The number {0} is Even".format(number)) else: print("The number {0} is Odd".format(number))  

Program and Output in C:

#include <stdio.h> int main() { int n,i; long mul=1; printf("Please enter number to find factorial "); scanf("%d",&n); for(i=1;i<=n;i=i+1) { mul=mul*i; } printf("The Factorial of %d is : %d",n,mul); return 0; }  

Program and Output in Python:

def factorial(num): if num == 1: return num else: return num * factorial(num - 1) num = int(input("Enter a Number: ")) if num < 0: print("Factorial cannot be found for negative numbers") elif num == 0: print("Factorial of 0 is 1") else: print("Factorial of", num, "is: ", factorial(num))  

Assignment 4 : LED Programming in ARDUINO

LED programming is done to spell out the initials of our names using basic LEDs and ARDUINO.

Code for the LED programming can be found here on the link below:

int ledPin1 = 2; int ledPin2 = 3; int ledPin3 = 4; int ledPin4 = 5; int ledPin5 = 6; int ledPin6 = 7; int ledPin7 = 8; int ledPin8 = 9; int ledPin9 = 10; int buttonApin = 11; int buttonBpin = 12; int duration=1000; char letter = 0; int n=5; void setup() { // initialize serial communication at 9600 bits per second: Serial.begin(9600); pinMode(ledPin1, OUTPUT); pinMode(ledPin2, OUTPUT); pinMode(ledPin3, OUTPUT); pinMode(ledPin4, OUTPUT); pinMode(ledPin5, OUTPUT); pinMode(ledPin6, OUTPUT); pinMode(ledPin7, OUTPUT); pinMode(ledPin8, OUTPUT); pinMode(ledPin9, OUTPUT); pinMode(buttonApin, INPUT_PULLUP); pinMode(buttonBpin, INPUT_PULLUP); } void loop() { if (digitalRead(buttonApin) == LOW) { { S(); delay(duration); W(); delay(duration); A(); delay(duration); T(); delay(duration); I(); delay(duration); Z(); delay(duration); U(); delay(duration); A(); delay(duration); L(); delay(duration); A(); delay(duration); } if (digitalRead(buttonBpin) == LOW) { for(int n= 0; n<5; n++) { ALLUP(); delay(duration); ALLDOWN(); delay(duration); } } } if (Serial.available() > 0) { // is a character available? letter = Serial.read(); // get the character // check if a number was received if (letter == 'S') { Serial.print("Letter received = "); Serial.println(letter); S();/*letter S*/ delay(duration); } if (letter == 'W') { Serial.print("Letter received = "); Serial.println(letter); W();/*letter W*/ delay(duration); } if (letter == 'A') { Serial.print("Letter received = "); Serial.println(letter); A();/*letter A*/ delay(duration); } if (letter == 'T') { Serial.print("Letter received = "); Serial.println(letter); T();/*letter T*/ delay(duration); } if (letter == 'I') { Serial.print("Letter received = "); Serial.println(letter); I();/*letter I*/ delay(duration); } if (letter == 'Z') { Serial.print("Letter received = "); Serial.println(letter); Z();/*letter Z*/ delay(duration); } if (letter == 'U') { Serial.print("Letter received = "); Serial.println(letter); U();/*letter U*/ delay(duration); } if (letter == 'A') { Serial.print("Letter received = "); Serial.println(letter); A();/*letter A*/ delay(duration); } if (letter == 'L') { Serial.print("Letter received = "); Serial.println(letter); L();/*letter L*/ delay(duration); } if (letter == 'A') { Serial.print("Letter received = "); Serial.println(letter); A();/*letter A*/ delay(duration); } } } void S(){ digitalWrite(ledPin1, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin2, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin3, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin4, LOW); digitalWrite(ledPin5, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin6, LOW); digitalWrite(ledPin7, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin8, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin9, HIGH); } void W(){ digitalWrite(ledPin1, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin2, LOW); digitalWrite(ledPin3, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin4, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin5, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin6, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin7, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin8, LOW); digitalWrite(ledPin9, HIGH); } void T(){ digitalWrite(ledPin1, LOW); digitalWrite(ledPin2, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin3, LOW); digitalWrite(ledPin4, LOW); digitalWrite(ledPin5, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin6, LOW); digitalWrite(ledPin7, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin8, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin9, HIGH); } void I(){ digitalWrite(ledPin1, LOW); digitalWrite(ledPin2, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin3, LOW); digitalWrite(ledPin4, LOW); digitalWrite(ledPin5, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin6, LOW); digitalWrite(ledPin7, LOW); digitalWrite(ledPin8, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin9, LOW); } void A(){ digitalWrite(ledPin1, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin2, LOW); digitalWrite(ledPin3, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin4, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin5, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin6, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin7, LOW); digitalWrite(ledPin8, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin9, LOW); } void Z(){ digitalWrite(ledPin1, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin2, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin3, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin4, LOW); digitalWrite(ledPin5, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin6, LOW); digitalWrite(ledPin7, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin8, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin9, HIGH); } void U(){ digitalWrite(ledPin1, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin2, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin3, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin4, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin5, LOW); digitalWrite(ledPin6, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin7, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin8, LOW); digitalWrite(ledPin9, HIGH); } void L(){ digitalWrite(ledPin1, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin2, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin3, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin4, LOW); digitalWrite(ledPin5, LOW); digitalWrite(ledPin6, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin7, LOW); digitalWrite(ledPin8, LOW); digitalWrite(ledPin9, HIGH); } void ALLUP(){ digitalWrite(ledPin1, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin2, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin3, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin4, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin5, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin6, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin7, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin8, HIGH); digitalWrite(ledPin9, HIGH); } void ALLDOWN(){ digitalWrite(ledPin1, LOW); digitalWrite(ledPin2, LOW); digitalWrite(ledPin3, LOW); digitalWrite(ledPin4, LOW); digitalWrite(ledPin5, LOW); digitalWrite(ledPin6, LOW); digitalWrite(ledPin7, LOW); digitalWrite(ledPin8, LOW); digitalWrite(ledPin9, LOW); }

Video link

Assignment 5 : INPUT DEVICES Sensors on a smartphone :

The common sensors that can be found on a cellphone are given below. They include sensors like Accelerometer, Gyroscope, GPS etc.

Measurement of sensors using apps :

Different apps which have the functionality of measurements taken from the sensors.

Using input sensors in ARDUINO :

Ultrasonic Sensor :
It emits an ultrasound at 40 000 Hz which travels through the air and if there is an object or obstacle on its path It will bounce back to the module. Considering the travel time and the speed of the sound you can calculate the distance.

CODES and output :
The arduino codes for the ultrasonic sensor can be found on the left of the text box. This code is for measurement in INCHES. The Output can be found on the Right where the distance is shown in INCHES i.e 53 inches.

const int trigPin = 9; const int echoPin = 10; // defines variables long duration; int distance; void setup() { pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT); // Sets the trigPin as an Output pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); // Sets the echoPin as an Input Serial.begin(9600); // Starts the serial communication } void loop() { // Clears the trigPin digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW); delayMicroseconds(2); // Sets the trigPin on HIGH state for 10 micro seconds digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH); delayMicroseconds(10); digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW); // Reads the echoPin, returns the sound wave travel time in microseconds duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH); // Calculating the distance distance= duration*0.0133/2; // Prints the distance on the Serial Monitor Serial.print("Distance: "); Serial.println(distance); }  

Real world usage :
Using Ultra sonic sensor the get the distance between user and Snellens chart during a visual acuity test.

Assignment 6 : OUTPUT DEVICES Output devices in ARDUINO :

There are multiple output devices which can be used in ARDUINO to produce different outputs such as LEDs, Sounds, LCD Displays etc.

ARDUINO to Display name on LCD Screen:
Using ARDUINO it is possible to program an LCD to display anything that is included in the codes. For this example it is used to display a simple introduction message on the LCD screen.

Codes and output:
On left textbox you can see the codes for the program. For this program we are using an LCD library for the analog inputs which makes the code much simpler and easier to code. On the right you can see the actual LCD display the message that is given on the codes.

#include <Wire.h> #include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h> // Set the LCD address to 0x27 for a 16 chars and 2 line display LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27, 16, 2); //LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x3F, 16, 2); void setup() { // Robojax code for LCD with I2C // initialize the LCD, lcd.begin(); // Turn on the blacklight and print a message. lcd.backlight(); // Robojax code for LCD with I2C } void loop() { //start of loop Robojax code for LCD with I2C lcd.clear(); lcd.print("Hello my name is"); lcd.setCursor (0,1); // go to start of 2nd line lcd.print("Zothanzuala!"); //lcd.print(millis() / 1000); delay(500); //end of loopcode Robojax code for LCD with I2C }  

Input and Output program in ARDUINO :

There are multiple input and output devices which can be used in ARDUINO to produce different results and readings. So we will be making a small project using a couple of sensors and devices to perform a task to help an user.

Device which warns the user if he/she is looking at a monitor screen too close:
There has been many research which says that one should not look at screen displays too closely as it can cause eye problems or even headaches. The optimum distance of looking at such screens is about 20 to 40 inches between the user and screen.

Sometimes the user may be unaware of that he/she is looking at the screen to closely, so this device will help warn the user when it detects he/she is reading it too closely and is shorter than the 20 inch threshold. The setup for the device can be seen below

Code for the program and setup can be seen below:
( The minimum distance is set at 18inch to account for the width of the sensor)

int const trigPin = 10; int const echoPin = 9; int const buzzPin = 2; long duration; int distance; void setup() { pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT); // trig pin will have pulses output pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); // echo pin should be input to get pulse width pinMode(buzzPin, OUTPUT); // buzz pin is output to control buzzering } void loop() { // Clears the trigPin digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW); delayMicroseconds(2); // Sets the trigPin on HIGH state for 10 micro seconds digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH); delayMicroseconds(10); digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW); // Reads the echoPin, returns the sound wave travel time in microseconds duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH); // Calculating the distance distance= duration*0.0133/2; if (distance < 18) { // Buzz digitalWrite(buzzPin, HIGH); } else { // Don't buzz digitalWrite(buzzPin, LOW); } delay(60); }

Video demonstrating the distance sensor

Assignment 7 : MOBILE APPS MIT APP Inventor :

MIT App Inventor is an intuitive, visual programming environment that allows everyone – even children – to build fully functional apps for smartphones and tablets. Those new to MIT App Inventor can have a simple first app up and running in less than 30 minutes. And what's more, our blocks-based tool facilitates the creation of complex, high-impact apps in significantly less time than traditional programming environments.

Phone sensors in MIT APP Inventor:
Below is an app made using MIT APP inventor for a proximity sensor where the phone senses objects in 10cm and gives a buzzer warning when there is an object below the threshold. You can Start and Stop the sensor using the buttons on the screen.

Video demonstrating the proximity sensor:

MIT App inventor, ARDUINO and Bluetooth:

A small use case for a combination of MIT APP inventor, ARDUINO and Bluetooth module to display Messages on a LCD Screen. The message is whatever the user inputs on the MIT app inventor

Coding for the MIT App inventor:

Arduino Codes:

#include <LiquidCrystal.h> LiquidCrystal lcd(7,6, 5, 4, 3, 2); int ledPin = 13; String readString; void setup() { Serial.begin(9600); pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); lcd.begin(16, 2); lcd.clear(); lcd.noAutoscroll(); lcd.print("No message"); delay( 200 ); } void loop() { while (Serial.available()) { delay(3); char c = Serial.read(); readString += c; } if (readString.length() >0) { lcd.clear(); Serial.println(readString); lcd.print(readString); if (readString == "On") { digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); } if (readString == "Off") { digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); } readString=""; } }

Below you can see how the program works in real time. Any message you type in the phone will be directly displayed on the LCD module.w

Use Case: Store displays where the owner can put in custom images directly from the phone. This will be convenient as there is no need to input complex codes or doesnt need any computer to run.